As Passed by the Senate                       1            

123rd General Assembly                                             4            

   Regular Session                              Sub. H. B. No. 13  5            

      1999-2000                                                    6            


         REPRESENTATIVES MOTTLEY-HARRIS-BUCHY-VAN VYVEN-           8            

          SCHURING-KREBS-HOOD-OPFER-TERWILLEGER-OLMAN-             9            

       CATES-CALVERT-SULLIVAN-YOUNG-EVANS-HOOPS-HARTNETT-          10           

     PRINGLE-KILBANE-TIBERI-DAMSCHRODER-MEAD-CAREY-BUEHRER-        11           

    O'BRIEN-CLANCY-PADGETT-ALLEN-MAIER-SCHULER-BARRETT-MYERS-      12           

    AMSTUTZ-VERICH-METZGER-PERZ-SALERNO-LOGAN-CORBIN-AUSTRIA-      13           

    STAPLETON-OGG-HOUSEHOLDER-D. MILLER-SENATORS WATTS-LATTA-      14           

             HORN-WACHTMANN-PRENTISS-SPADA-OELSLAGER               15           


_________________________________________________________________   17           

                          A   B I L L                                           

             To suspend section 103.14 of the Revised Code to      19           

                create a one-year pilot program under which the    20           

                Legislative Budget Office of the Legislative       21           

                Service Commission analyzes the economic impact                 

                of certain bills and resolutions on Ohio           22           

                businesses, to require the Legislative Budget      23           

                Officer of the Legislative Budget Office of the                 

                Legislative Service Commission to cause certain    24           

                tasks to be performed that will facilitate the     25           

                carrying out of the office's economic impact                    

                analyses-related functions, to create another      27           

                pilot program under which two state rule-making                 

                agencies analyze the economic impact of rules on   28           

                Ohio businesses, to allow the Director of the      29           

                Legislative Service Commission to employ a                      

                professional staff member to gather technological  30           

                data and information, to exempt the Wright                      

                Technology Network from the matching contribution  31           

                requirement for a grant under the Thomas Alva      32           

                Edison Grant Program for the 1999-2001 biennium,                

                and to declare an emergency.                       33           

                                                          2      


                                                                 
BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF OHIO:        35           

      Section 1.  The operation of the provisions of section       37           

103.14 of the Revised Code is hereby suspended for a one-year      38           

period commencing with the effective date of this act.  Instead,   39           

during that one-year period, the provisions of Section 1,          40           

Sections 1.01 to 1.05, and Section 2 of this act shall apply to    41           

the preparation by the Legislative Budget Office of the            42           

Legislative Service Commission of fiscal analyses of bills or      43           

resolutions introduced in the General Assembly that appear to      44           

affect the revenues or expenditures of the state or a county,      45           

municipal corporation, township, school district, or other         46           

governmental entity of the state or that may have a significant    47           

economic impact on Ohio businesses.                                             

      Section 1.01.  During the one-year period commencing with    49           

the effective date of this act, if a bill or resolution            50           

introduced in the General Assembly appears to affect the revenues  51           

or expenditures of the state or a county, municipal corporation,   52           

township, school district, or other governmental entity of the     53           

state, or if the provisions of Section 1.04 of this act apply to   54           

a bill or resolution, the Legislative Budget Office of the         55           

Legislative Service Commission shall, before the bill or           56           

resolution is recommended for passage by the House of              57           

Representatives committee or the Senate committee of the General   58           

Assembly to which the bill or resolution was referred and again    59           

before the bill or resolution is taken up for final consideration  60           

by either house of the General Assembly, prepare a fiscal          61           

analysis of the bill or resolution.  The fiscal analysis shall     62           

include an estimate, in dollars, of the amount by which the bill   63           

or resolution would increase or decrease revenues or               64           

expenditures, shall include the information required by Section    65           

1.04 of this act when that section applies, and shall include any  66           

other information that the Legislative Budget Office considers     67           

necessary to explain the fiscal effect of the bill or resolution.  68           

      Section 1.02.  The Legislative Budget Office shall           70           

                                                          3      


                                                                 
distribute copies of a fiscal analysis in accordance with either   71           

of the following:                                                  72           

      (A)  For consideration by the Senate or House of             74           

Representatives rules committee, or the standing committee to      75           

which a bill is referred, two copies to the chairperson together   76           

with a copy to each member of the committee;                       77           

      (B)  For final consideration, a copy to each member of the   79           

house that is considering the bill or resolution.                  80           

      If the member who introduced the bill or resolution is not   82           

a member of the house or rules committee considering the bill or   83           

resolution, the Legislative Budget Office shall send the member a  84           

copy.                                                              85           

      Section 1.03.  In preparing a fiscal analysis, the           87           

Legislative Budget Office may request any department, division,    88           

institution, board, commission, authority, bureau, or other        89           

instrumentality or officer of the state, or a county, municipal    90           

corporation, township, school district, or other governmental      91           

entity of the state to provide any of the following information:   92           

      (A)  An estimate, in dollars, of the amount by which the     94           

bill or resolution would increase or decrease the revenues or      95           

expenditures received or made by the instrumentality, officer, or  96           

entity;                                                                         

      (B)  Any other information the Legislative Budget Office     98           

considers necessary for it to understand or explain the fiscal     99           

effect of the bill or resolution.                                  100          

      An instrumentality, officer, or entity shall comply with a   102          

request as soon as reasonably possible after it receives the       103          

request.  The Legislative Budget Office shall specify the manner   104          

of compliance in its request and, if necessary, may specify a      105          

longer period of time than five days for compliance.  The          106          

Legislative Budget Office may consider any information provided    107          

under this section in preparing a fiscal analysis.                 108          

      Section 1.04.  (A)  As used in this section:                 110          

      (1)  "Ohio business" means a sole proprietorship or          112          

                                                          4      


                                                                 
business organization doing business in Ohio, regardless of        113          

whether it is domiciled in Ohio.                                   114          

      (2)  "Small business" has the same meaning as in section     116          

121.24 of the Revised Code.                                        117          

      (B)  The Speaker of the House of Representatives and the     119          

President of the Senate shall designate for their respective       120          

houses three standing committees for purposes of the conduct in    121          

accordance with this section of a one-year pilot program           122          

involving the Legislative Budget Office's inclusion of specified   123          

economic impact analyses in its fiscal analyses of certain bills   124          

or resolutions.                                                                 

      (C)  If the chairperson of a standing committee that has     126          

been designated by the Speaker of the House of Representatives or  127          

the President of the Senate pursuant to division (B) of this       128          

section and to which a bill or resolution is referred believes     129          

that the bill or resolution may have a significant economic        130          

impact on Ohio businesses, the chairperson, after consulting with  131          

the ranking minority member of the standing committee, may submit  132          

a request to the Legislative Budget Office to prepare, in the      133          

form, within the time frame, and under the circumstance described  134          

in divisions (D), (E), and (F) of this section, an economic        135          

impact analysis of the specified bill or resolution.  A            136          

chairperson of a designated standing committee may submit this     137          

type of request up to three times within the one-year period of    138          

the pilot program.  Upon receipt of this type of request, the      139          

Legislative Budget Office shall comply with division (D) of this   140          

section.                                                                        

      (D)  Within one week after receiving a request for an        142          

economic impact analysis under division (C) of this section, the   143          

Legislative Budget Office shall conduct preliminary general        144          

research in order to determine whether there is a likelihood that  145          

the bill or resolution in question may have a significant          146          

economic impact on Ohio businesses, shall prepare a brief written  147          

document stating the nature of the research so conducted and       148          

                                                          5      


                                                                 
setting forth the determination whether there is or is not a       149          

likelihood that the bill or resolution may have a significant      150          

economic impact on Ohio businesses, and shall deliver a copy of    151          

that document to the chairperson who submitted the request for     152          

the economic impact analysis.                                      153          

      (E)  If the written document that the Legislative Budget     155          

Office prepares under division (D) of this section sets forth a    156          

determination that there is not a likelihood that the bill or      157          

resolution in question may have a significant economic impact on   158          

Ohio businesses, the office is not required to prepare the         159          

requested economic impact analysis of the bill or resolution.      160          

      (F)  If the written document that the Legislative Budget     162          

Office prepares under division (D) of this section sets forth a    163          

determination that there is a likelihood that the bill or          164          

resolution in question may have a significant economic impact on   165          

Ohio businesses, then, within forty-five days after complying      166          

with division (D) of this section, the office shall prepare and    167          

distribute in the manner described in Section 1.02 of this act an  168          

economic impact analysis as part of a fiscal analysis of the bill  169          

or resolution prepared in the manner described in Sections 1.01    171          

to 1.03 of this act.  The economic impact analysis shall include   172          

all of the following:                                                           

      (1)  The office's determination that there is a likelihood   174          

that the bill or resolution may have a significant economic        175          

impact on Ohio businesses;                                         176          

      (2)  To the extent it is practicable to so determine, the    178          

office's determination as to whether the bill or resolution may    179          

significantly increase or decrease the revenues or expenditures    180          

of Ohio businesses in general;                                     181          

      (3)  To the extent it is practicable to so determine, the    183          

office's determination as to whether aspects of the bill or        184          

resolution may significantly impact Ohio small businesses in       185          

particular, including, but not limited to, those aspects of the    186          

bill or resolution that may uniquely increase or decrease the      187          

                                                          6      


                                                                 
revenues or expenditures of Ohio small businesses or that may      188          

uniquely impact their access to a workforce;                       189          

      (4)  To the extent it is practicable to so determine, the    191          

office's determination as to whether aspects of the bill or        192          

resolution may significantly impact particular segments of Ohio    193          

industry or other forms of business, including, but not limited    194          

to, those aspects of the bill or resolution that may have          195          

variable geographical impacts, such as higher or lower electric    196          

utility rates for industries or other businesses located in        197          

certain parts of the state or unique ramifications for Ohio        199          

industries or other businesses located in the counties of this                  

state that border Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia,           200          

Kentucky, or Indiana;                                              201          

      (5)  Any other information that the office considers         203          

necessary to include in order to fully explain the significant     204          

economic impact that the bill or resolution may have on Ohio       205          

businesses.                                                                     

      (G)  Not later than April 1, 2001, the Legislative Budget    208          

Officer shall submit a report on the one-year pilot program        209          

conducted pursuant to this section to the President and Minority   210          

Leader of the Senate, the Speaker and Minority Leader of the       211          

House of Representatives, the Governor, and the Director of the    212          

Legislative Service Commission.  In the report, the Legislative                 

Budget Officer shall recommend whether the pilot program should    213          

be continued and, if so, also shall make recommendations with      214          

respect to all of the following:                                   215          

      (1)  Whether the program should be continued as a pilot      217          

program for a specified period of time or made a permanent         218          

function of the office by appropriate revisions to section 103.14  219          

of the Revised Code.  In connection with this recommendation, the  220          

Legislative Budget Officer shall comment upon whether the          221          

office's fulfillment of its responsibilities in connection with    222          

the pilot program, in addition to its other statutory and          223          

nonstatutory responsibilities, created staffing, workload,         224          

                                                          7      


                                                                 
budgetary, or other problems for the office.                       225          

      (2)  Whether the program should be expanded to include       227          

other standing committees of the House of Representatives and the  228          

Senate, and whether those committees should continue to be         229          

designated by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the  230          

President of the Senate;                                           231          

      (3)  Whether changes in the operation of the program are     233          

advisable to improve the value of the program to the members of    234          

the General Assembly in determining whether to vote in favor of    235          

or against particular bills or resolutions;                        236          

      (4)  Any other matters the Legislative Budget Officer        238          

considers worthwhile in light of the objectives of the program.    239          

      In the report, the Legislative Budget Officer shall          241          

explain, and provide reasons for, each of the Legislative Budget   242          

Officer's recommendations.                                                      

      Section 1.05.  The failure of the Legislative Budget Office  244          

to prepare a fiscal analysis before a bill or resolution is taken  245          

up for consideration by a committee of the House of                246          

Representatives or Senate, or by either or both houses for final   247          

consideration, shall not be construed to impair the validity of    248          

any bill or resolution passed by either or both houses of the      249          

General Assembly.                                                  250          

      Section 2.  The Legislative Budget Officer of the            252          

Legislative Budget Office of the Legislative Service Commission    253          

shall do all of the following:                                                  

      (A)  With the approval of the Director of the Legislative    255          

Service Commission, employ and fix the compensation of any         257          

necessary technical, professional, or clerical staff members, or   258          

contract for the professional services of any necessary            259          

economists or other consultants, to carry out the Legislative      260          

Budget Office's responsibilities under Section 1.04 of this act;   261          

      (B)  For the purpose of facilitating the Legislative Budget  263          

Office's carrying out of its responsibilities under Section 1.04   265          

of this act, designate one or more staff members of the            267          

                                                          8      


                                                                 
Legislative Budget Office to conduct ongoing research and to       268          

gather necessary data and other information, including, but not    269          

limited to, data and other information pertaining to the           270          

following:                                                                      

      (1)  The various types of Ohio businesses, including, in     272          

particular, small businesses as defined in section 121.24 of the   274          

Revised Code and businesses located in the counties of this state  276          

that border Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, or    278          

Indiana;                                                                        

      (2)  The current status of the economy of this state and of  280          

the economy of the United States;                                  281          

      (3)  Current economic trends in this state and generally in  283          

the United States;                                                 284          

      (4)  Technological advancements and technological issues     286          

that have or may have a significant economic impact upon Ohio      288          

businesses, including, in particular, data and other information   290          

indicating the extent to which Ohio businesses are or are not      292          

maintaining their operations in a technologically up-to-date                    

manner and thereby promoting or failing to promote their own       294          

competitiveness and Ohio business competitiveness in general.      296          

      (C)  Maintain the data and information gathered pursuant to  298          

division (B) of this section, together with a directory to that    300          

data and information, in any appropriate manner that will          301          

facilitate the Legislative Budget Office's carrying out its        303          

responsibilities under Section 1.04 of this act, including if      304          

appropriate, but not limited to, maintaining all or portions of    305          

the data, information, and associated directory by means of                     

computer technology.                                               306          

      Section 3.  As used in Sections 3 and 3.01 to 3.05 of this   308          

act:                                                                            

      (A)  "Ohio business" means a sole proprietorship or          310          

business organization doing business in Ohio, regardless of        311          

whether it is domiciled in Ohio.                                   312          

      (B)  "Participating agency" means the Environmental          314          

                                                          9      


                                                                 
Protection Agency and the Department of Development.               315          

      (C)  "Rule" means a proposed new rule adopted under Chapter  317          

119. of the Revised Code.  "Rule" does not include the amendment   318          

or rescission of an existing rule.  If and when a proposed new     319          

rule is filed under divisions (B) and (H) of section 119.03 of     320          

the Revised Code, "rule" means only the original and not any       321          

revised version of the proposed new rule.                          322          

      (D)  "Small business" has the same meaning as in section     324          

121.24 of the Revised Code.                                        325          

      Section 3.01.  The participating agencies shall conduct a    327          

pilot program under which, during the course of a participating    328          

agency's development and proposal of a rule, the participating     329          

agency analyzes in the manner specified in division (D) of         330          

Section 3.02 of this act the potential economic impact the rule    331          

may have on Ohio businesses.  Unless exempt, a rule is subject to  334          

the pilot program only if a participating agency files an          335          

original proposed version of the rule under divisions (B) and (H)  336          

of section 119.03 of the Revised Code on or after January 1,                    

2000, and before January 1, 2001.                                  337          

      Section 3.02.  The participating agencies, in the course of  339          

developing and proposing a rule during the pilot program, shall:   340          

      (A)  Make a good faith effort to identify Ohio businesses    342          

that may be significantly affected economically by the rule were   343          

it to be adopted;                                                               

      (B)  Make a good faith effort to identify leading            345          

individuals who are involved in the Ohio businesses identified     346          

under division (A) of this section;                                347          

      (C)  Invite the individuals identified under division (B)    349          

of this section to comment on the potential economic impact the    350          

rule may have on Ohio businesses in general and on their           351          

businesses in particular;                                          352          

      (D)  Analyze, applying any information submitted under       354          

division (C) of this section and the participating agency's own    355          

expertise and experience, the potential economic impact the rule   356          

                                                          10     


                                                                 
may have on the Ohio businesses identified under division (A) of   357          

this section.  This analysis shall include all of the following:   359          

      (1)  To the extent it is practicable to so determine, the    361          

participating agency's determination as to whether the rule may    362          

significantly increase or decrease the cost to Ohio businesses of  363          

regulatory compliance;                                             364          

      (2)  To the extent it is practicable to so determine, the    366          

participating agency's determination as to whether the rule may    367          

significantly increase or decrease the overall regulatory burden   368          

of Ohio businesses;                                                369          

      (3)  To the extent it is practicable to so determine, the    373          

participating agency's determination as to the impact, if any,     375          

that the rule may have on the period of time involved in the       376          

participating agency's issuance of any license, permit, or other   377          

form of authorization;                                                          

      (4)  Any other information that the participating agency     379          

considers necessary to include in order to fully explain the       380          

significant economic impact that the rule may have on Ohio         381          

businesses.                                                                     

      (E)  Prepare an economic impact statement that, in textual   383          

narrative format, reports the results of the analysis conducted    384          

under division (D) of this section;                                385          

      (F)  Invite further comment and revise the analysis and      387          

economic impact statement whenever the rule is revised during the  388          

course of its development and proposal in such a way that the      389          

analysis is altered; and                                                        

      (G)  Include a current economic impact statement as part of  391          

the rule summary and fiscal analysis that is prepared for the      392          

rule if and when the rule is filed in original form under          393          

divisions (B) and (H) of section 119.03 of the Revised Code.       394          

      If the rule would be subject to small business review under  396          

section 121.24 of the Revised Code, the invitation to comment,     397          

and the analysis and economic impact statement, are to invite      398          

comment on, and give particular attention to, the potential        399          

                                                          11     


                                                                 
economic impact the rule may have on Ohio small businesses.  A     400          

participating agency shall include the economic impact statement   401          

as part of any rule summary and fiscal analysis it prepares for    402          

purposes of division (B)(1) of section 121.24 of the Revised       403          

Code.                                                                           

      A participating agency shall include the invitation to       405          

comment in a public notice prepared with respect to a rule under   406          

division (A) of section 119.03 of the Revised Code and shall send  407          

a copy of the amplified public notice to each individual           408          

identified under division (B) of this section.                     409          

      If a participating agency sets forth in writing that it      411          

identifies no Ohio businesses under division (A) of this section   412          

in connection with a proposed rule, the agency is not required to  413          

prepare an analysis of that rule under division (D) of this        414          

section or an economic impact statement with respect to that rule  415          

under division (E) of this section.                                416          

      Section 3.03.  The Joint Committee on Agency Rule Review,    418          

during the pilot program, shall review economic impact statements  419          

for completeness and accuracy in light of the objectives of the    420          

pilot program.                                                     421          

      The joint committee may return an economic impact statement  423          

to a participating agency for revision if the joint committee, by  424          

vote of two-thirds of all its members, finds that the              425          

participating agency has not made a good faith effort to prepare   426          

a complete and accurate economic impact statement in light of the  427          

objectives of the pilot program.  The joint committee shall        428          

inform the participating agency in writing of its findings and of  429          

the reasons for them.                                              430          

      When the joint committee returns an economic impact          432          

statement to a participating agency, the time within which the     433          

Senate and House of Representatives must adopt a concurrent        434          

resolution invalidating the proposed rule to which the statement   435          

applies thereupon stops running.                                   436          

      Within thirty days after receiving the returned economic     438          

                                                          12     


                                                                 
impact statement, the participating agency shall withdraw the      439          

proposed rule to which the statement applies, notify the joint     441          

committee of its intent to file a revised version of the rule in   442          

the future, or revise the economic impact statement and resubmit   443          

it to the joint committee.  If the participating agency fails to   445          

withdraw the proposed rule, to notify the joint committee of its   446          

intent to file a revised version of the rule in the future, or to  447          

resubmit a revised economic impact statement within the            448          

thirty-day period, the proposed rule is invalid the same as if     449          

the Senate and House of Representatives had adopted a concurrent   450          

resolution invalidating the proposed rule.                         451          

      The joint committee shall review a resubmitted revised       453          

economic impact statement.  If the joint committee, by vote of     454          

two-thirds of all its members, finds that the participating        455          

agency, in revising and resubmitting the economic impact           456          

statement, has not made a good faith effort to prepare a complete  457          

and accurate economic impact statement in light of the objectives  458          

of the pilot program, it may either:                               459          

      (A)  Return the resubmitted revised economic impact          461          

statement to the participating agency for revision, resubmission,  462          

and review, as in the case of the original statement; or           463          

      (B)  Recommend that the Senate and House of Representatives  465          

adopt a concurrent resolution invalidating the proposed rule to    466          

which the resubmitted revised economic impact statement applies.   467          

      The Senate and House of Representatives may adopt a          469          

concurrent resolution invalidating a proposed rule as              470          

contemplated by this section not later than the thirtieth day      471          

after the revised economic impact statement applying to the        472          

proposed rule is resubmitted to the joint committee.               473          

      Section 3.04.  (A)  The following rules are exempt from the  475          

pilot program:                                                     476          

      (1)  A rule that a participating agency has determined       479          

should be exempt from the five-year review requirement of section  480          

119.032 of the Revised Code;                                                    

                                                          13     


                                                                 
      (2)  A rule adopted under the emergency rule-making          482          

procedure of division (F) of section 119.03 of the Revised Code,   483          

except that the rule, unless otherwise exempt, is subject to the   484          

pilot program when it is readopted under the nonemergency          485          

rule-making procedure;                                                          

      (3)  A rule that is substantially and procedurally           488          

identical to a federal law or rule in order to continue the        489          

operation of a federally reimbursed program in this state, so      490          

long as the rule contains a statement that it is proposed for the  491          

purpose of complying with a federal law or rule and a citation to  492          

that federal law or rule.                                          493          

      (B)  A participating agency in writing may request the       495          

Joint Committee on Agency Rule Review to exempt from the pilot     496          

program a rule that otherwise would be subject to the program.     497          

The participating agency shall provide reasons for the requested   498          

exemption.                                                         499          

      The joint committee, within thirty days after receiving a    501          

request for exemption and by vote of a majority of all its         502          

members, may grant the exemption if it finds that the objectives   503          

of the pilot program will not be adversely affected if the rule    504          

is not included in the pilot program.  The joint committee shall   505          

notify the participating agency in writing of its action on the    506          

request.  If the joint committee does not act on the request       507          

within thirty days after receiving it, the request is deemed to    508          

have been approved.                                                             

      Section 3.05.  Not later than April 1, 2001, the             510          

participating agencies and the Joint Committee on Agency Rule      511          

Review shall each separately submit a report on the pilot program  512          

to the President and Minority Leader of the Senate, the Speaker    513          

and Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, the           514          

Governor, and the Director of the Legislative Service Commission.  515          

In their reports, the participating agencies and joint committee   516          

shall recommend whether the pilot program should be continued      517          

and, if so, also shall recommend:                                               

                                                          14     


                                                                 
      (A)  Whether the program should be continued as a pilot      519          

program for a specified period of time or made a permanent         520          

program by appropriate revisions to the Revised Code;              521          

      (B)  Whether the program should be expanded to include       523          

other rule-making agencies;                                        524          

      (C)  Whether different or additional exemptions to the       526          

program are advisable;                                             527          

      (D)  Whether changes in the operation of the program are     529          

advisable to improve its efficiency or to make it more likely      530          

that its objectives will be achieved; and                          531          

      (E)  Any other matters the participating agency or joint     533          

committee considers worthwhile in light of the objectives of the   534          

program.                                                                        

      In their reports, a participating agency and the joint       536          

committee shall explain, and provide reasons for, each of its      537          

recommendations.                                                   538          

      Section 4.  The Director of the Legislative Service          540          

Commission may employ and fix the compensation of a professional   541          

staff member for the purpose of conducting ongoing research and    542          

gathering necessary data and other information pertaining to       543          

technological advancements and technological issues that may have  544          

relevance in the preparation of legislation or research memoranda  545          

for members of the General Assembly.                               546          

      Section 5.  Notwithstanding division (C)(3) of section       548          

122.33 of the Revised Code, the Director of Development shall      549          

waive any requirements for matching contributions for the Wright   550          

Technology Network during the 1999-2001 biennium.                               

      Section 6.  This act is hereby declared to be an emergency   552          

measure necessary for the immediate preservation of the public     553          

peace, health, and safety.  The reason for this necessity is so    554          

that the General Assembly will be able to take immediate action    555          

regarding the possible significant economic impact of certain      556          

bills, resolutions, and rules on Ohio businesses.  Therefore,      557          

this act shall go into immediate effect.                           558