Sec. 1701.15. (A) The shareholders of
a corporation do not | 13 |
have a pre-emptive right to acquire the corporation's
unissued | 14 |
shares except to the extent the articles so provide. If the | 15 |
articles provide that the holders of the shares of any class, | 16 |
other than
shares that are limited as to dividend or distribution | 17 |
rate and
liquidation price, have pre-emptive rights, those | 18 |
holders,
upon
the
offering or sale for cash of
shares of the same | 19 |
class, shall have the right, during a reasonable
time and on | 20 |
reasonable terms fixed by the directors, to purchase
the shares in | 21 |
proportion to their respective holdings of
shares
of such class, | 22 |
at a price fixed as provided in this chapter, unless the
shares | 23 |
offered or sold are in any of the following categories: | 24 |
(6) Offered to shareholders in satisfaction of their | 36 |
pre-emptive rights and not purchased by
suchthose shareholders, | 37 |
and
thereupon issued or agreed to be issued for a consideration | 38 |
not
less than that at which the shares were so offered to
such | 39 |
those shareholders, less reasonable expenses, compensation, or | 40 |
discount
paid or allowed for the sale, underwriting, or purchase | 41 |
of
the
shares, unless by the affirmative vote or written order of | 42 |
the
holders of two-thirds of the shares otherwise entitled to
the | 43 |
pre-emptive rights, the pre-emptive rights are restored as to any | 44 |
of the shares not previously
issued or agreed to be issued; | 45 |
(7) Released from pre-emptive rights by the affirmative
vote | 46 |
or written consent of the holders of two-thirds of the
shares | 47 |
entitled to the pre-emptive rights. Any such vote
or consent | 48 |
shall be entered in the records of the corporation and
shall be | 49 |
binding on all shareholders and their transferees for
the time | 50 |
specified in the vote or consent up to but not
exceeding one year, | 51 |
and shall protect all persons who within
that time acquire the | 52 |
shares or options on or conversion or other
rights with respect to | 53 |
the shares so released; | 54 |
(8) Released from pre-emptive rights by the affirmative
vote | 55 |
or written consent of the holders of a majority of the
shares | 56 |
entitled to the pre-emptive rights, for offering and
sale, or the | 57 |
grant of optionsissuance of option rights or securities having | 58 |
conversion or option rights with respect
theretoto those shares, | 59 |
to any or all
employees of
the corporation or of subsidiary | 60 |
corporations or to
a trustee on
their behalf, under a plan adopted | 61 |
or to be adopted
by the
directors for that purpose. | 62 |
(B) No action shall be brought upon any cause of action | 63 |
arising under division (A) of this section at any time after two | 64 |
years from the day on which a written notice or other | 65 |
communication is given or mailed to each shareholder having the | 66 |
cause of
action informing the shareholder of the transaction | 67 |
giving rise to the cause of action, and no action shall
in any | 68 |
event be brought
upon any cause of action of that nature at any | 69 |
time after
four years from
the day on which the cause of action | 70 |
arose, or from the
effective date of this provision, whichever is | 71 |
the later. | 72 |
(C) The provisions of division
(A) of this section as they | 73 |
existed prior to
the effective date of this amendmentMarch17, | 74 |
2000, shall
continue to apply to any corporation incorporated | 75 |
prior to
the effective date of this amendmentMarch17,
2000, | 76 |
until the shareholders of the
corporation adopt an amendment to | 77 |
its articles expressly
providing that the provisions of division | 78 |
(A) of this section that take effect on
the effective date of this | 79 |
amendmentMarch17, 2000,
apply to the corporation or amended | 80 |
articles of incorporation. | 81 |
Sec. 1701.16. (A) Unless the articles otherwise provide,
a | 82 |
corporation by its directors may
grant options to subscribe for
or | 83 |
create and issue option rights or securities having conversion or | 84 |
option rights that entitle the holders of the securities to | 85 |
purchase
or acquire shares
of any authorized class, option rights, | 86 |
securities having conversion or option rights, or obligations, of | 87 |
any class or series, or assets of the corporation, or to purchase | 88 |
or acquire from the corporation shares, option rights, securities | 89 |
having conversion or option rights, or obligations, of any class | 90 |
or series, owned by the corporation and issued by any other | 91 |
person, at the times and on
the
terms that are set forth in the | 92 |
securities, or in the
contracts,
warrants, or
other instruments | 93 |
that evidence the options,
whichevidencing those option rights, | 94 |
securities having conversion or option rights, or obligations. | 95 |
Those contracts, warrants, or
other instruments may be | 96 |
transferable or
nontransferable and may be separable or | 97 |
inseparable from
securities, upon the following conditions: | 98 |
(1) If the shares are subject to
preemptivepre-emptive | 99 |
rights and if
the
optionsoption rights or securities having | 100 |
conversion or option rights are not
grantedissued to shareholders | 101 |
in satisfaction of
their
preemptivepre-emptive rights, the | 102 |
grantingissuance of the
options mustoption rights or securities | 103 |
having conversion or option rights shall be
authorized by the vote | 104 |
or consent of the shareholders or holders
of shares of particular | 105 |
classes that then would be required to
waive or release
such | 106 |
preemptivethose pre-emptive rights. The vote or consent
shall | 107 |
release the
preemptivepre-emptive rights to the shares required | 108 |
to
satisfy the
optionsoption or conversion rights if and when | 109 |
exercised. | 110 |
(2) If, at the time of
grantingissuing the
optionsoption | 111 |
rights or securities having conversion or option rights, the | 112 |
corporation
does not have authorized and unissued shares | 113 |
sufficient to satisfy
the
optionsoption or conversion rights if | 114 |
and when exercised, the
grantingissuance of the
options
must | 115 |
option rights or securities having conversion or option rights | 116 |
shall be authorized by the vote of the
shareholders or holders of | 117 |
shares of particular classes that then
would be required to adopt | 118 |
an amendment to the articles for the
purpose of increasing the | 119 |
authorized number of
suchthose shares, and
the. The shares | 120 |
required to be
issued upon the exercise of the
optionsoption or | 121 |
conversion rights shall be provided by an
amendment concurrently | 122 |
or thereafter
adopted by the shareholders
or the directors. | 123 |
(B)(1) The securities, contracts, warrants, or
other | 124 |
instruments
that evidence the optionsevidencing any option | 125 |
rights, securities having conversion or option rights, or | 126 |
obligations of a corporation may contain any terms not repugnant | 127 |
to
law
that are fixed by the board of directors for the protection | 128 |
of the holders of the
optionsoption rights, securities having | 129 |
conversion or option rights, or obligations of the corporation, | 130 |
including,
but not limited to, the following: | 131 |
(f) Conditions
on the exercise of the options, including, | 146 |
but not limited to, subject to the limitation specified in | 147 |
division (B)(2) of this
section, conditions that preclude
the | 148 |
holder or holders of at
leastor limit any person or persons | 149 |
owning or offering to acquire a specified number or percentage of | 150 |
the outstanding common
shares, other shares, option rights, | 151 |
securities having conversion or option rights, or obligations of
a | 152 |
the corporation
or any transferee or transferees of the person or | 153 |
persons from exercising
the options, converting, transferring, or | 154 |
receiving the shares, option rights, securities having conversion | 155 |
or option rights, or obligations of the corporation, including | 156 |
conditions that limit or condition the right of directors who are | 157 |
not disinterested directors, as defined in division (C)(2)(c) of | 158 |
section 1701.59 of the Revised Code, to modify or redeem the | 159 |
shares, option rights, securities having conversion or option | 160 |
rights, or obligations. | 161 |
(2) The express or implied authority conferred by division | 162 |
(B)(1) of this section or any other section of this chapter for | 163 |
securities, contracts, warrants, or
other instruments
that | 164 |
evidence
optionsevidencing option rights, securities having | 165 |
conversion or option rights, or obligations of a corporation to | 166 |
contain a condition
on the exercise of options that
precludes the | 167 |
holder or holders of at least a specified number or
percentage of | 168 |
the outstanding common shares of a corporation from
exercising | 169 |
optionsas described in division (B)(1)(f) of this section shall | 170 |
apply only to the following: | 171 |
(b) A corporation that has adopted a close corporation | 176 |
agreement pursuant to which
optionsoption rights or securities | 177 |
having conversion or option rights are
grantedissued, if the | 178 |
securities, contracts, warrants, or
other instruments
that | 179 |
evidence the
optionsevidencing the option rights, securities | 180 |
having conversion or option rights, or obligations of the | 181 |
corporation contain a condition
that precludes the holder or | 182 |
holders
of at least a specified number or percentage of the | 183 |
outstanding
common shares of that corporation from exercising the | 184 |
optionsas described in division (B)(1)(f) of this section. | 185 |
Sec. 1701.17. A corporation by its directors, upon
suchany | 188 |
terms
asthat it may
impose, may provide and carry out plans
for | 189 |
the
offering or sale, or the
grant
of optionsissuance of
option | 190 |
rights or securities having conversion or option rights, to | 191 |
employees of the
corporation or of subsidiary corporations, or
to | 192 |
a trustee on
their behalf, during the period of their employment | 193 |
or other
period, of, or with respect to, any unissued shares, | 194 |
treasury
shares, or
shares to be purchased, which. Those plans | 195 |
may provide for the
payment for such
shares at one time or in | 196 |
installments, or for the
establishment of special
funds in which | 197 |
employees may participate.
Shares otherwise subject to
pre-emptive | 198 |
rights may be offered or
sold under
suchthose plans only when | 199 |
released
from pre-emptive rights. | 200 |
(9) When authorized by the shareholders at a meeting
called | 227 |
for such purpose, by the affirmative vote of the holders
of | 228 |
two-thirds of the shares of each class, regardless of
limitations | 229 |
or restrictions in the articles on the voting rights
of the shares | 230 |
of any such class, or if the articles so provide or
permit, a | 231 |
greater or lesser proportion, but not less than a
majority, of the | 232 |
shares of any class; | 233 |
Sec. 1701.59. (A) Except where the law, the articles, or | 251 |
the regulations require action to be authorized or taken by | 252 |
shareholders, all of the authority of a corporation shall be | 253 |
exercised by or under the direction of its directors. For their | 254 |
own government, the directors may adopt bylaws that are not | 255 |
inconsistent with the articles or the regulations. The selection | 256 |
of a time frame for the achievement of corporate goals shall be | 257 |
the responsibility of the directors. | 258 |
(B) A director shall perform the director's duties as a | 259 |
director,
including the duties as a member of any committee of the | 260 |
directors upon which the director may serve, in good faith,
in a | 261 |
manner the director
reasonably believes to be in or not opposed to | 262 |
the best interests
of the corporation, and with the care that an | 263 |
ordinarily prudent
person in a like position would use under | 264 |
similar circumstances.
In performing a director's duties, a | 265 |
director is entitled to
rely on
information, opinions, reports, or | 266 |
statements, including
financial statements and other financial | 267 |
data, that are prepared
or presented by any of the following: | 268 |
(1) A director shall not be found to have violated the | 282 |
director's
duties under division (B) of this section unless it is | 283 |
proved by
clear and convincing evidence that the director has not | 284 |
acted in
good faith, in a manner the director reasonably believes | 285 |
to
be in or not
opposed to the best interests of the corporation, | 286 |
or with the
care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like | 287 |
position would
use under similar circumstances, in any action | 288 |
brought against a
director, including actions involving or | 289 |
affecting any of the
following: | 290 |
(a) A change or potential change in control of the | 291 |
corporation, including a determination to resist a change or | 292 |
potential change in control made pursuant to division (F)(7) of | 293 |
section 1701.13 of the Revised Code
or a decision not to redeem | 294 |
any rights under, or to modify or render inapplicable, any | 295 |
shareholder rights plan, including, but not limited to, a plan | 296 |
adopted with the conditions described in division (B)(1)(f) of | 297 |
section 1701.16 of the Revised Code; | 298 |
(2)(a) In the absence of a breach of fiduciary duty, lack of | 314 |
good faith, or self-dealing, any act of a director is presumed to | 315 |
be in the best interests of the corporation. In assessing whether | 316 |
the standards set forth in division (B) of this section have been | 317 |
satisfied, there shall not be any greater obligation to justify, | 318 |
or higher burden of proof with respect to, any act as a director | 319 |
relating to or affecting an acquisition of control or potential
or | 320 |
proposed acquisition of control of the corporation than is
applied | 321 |
to any other act as a director. | 322 |
(b) Notwithstanding division (C)(2)(a) of this section, any | 323 |
act of a director relating to or affecting an acquisition of | 324 |
control or potential or proposed acquisition of control of the | 325 |
corporation to which a majority of the disinterested directors of | 326 |
the corporation have assented is presumed to satisfy the standards | 327 |
set forth in division (B) of this section, unless it is proved by | 328 |
clear and convincing evidence that the disinterested directors did | 329 |
not assent to that act in good faith after reasonable | 330 |
investigation.
| 331 |
(D) A director shall be liable in damages for any action | 371 |
that the director takes or fails to take as a director only
if it | 372 |
is proved by
clear and convincing evidence in a court of competent | 373 |
jurisdiction that the director's action or failure to act
involved | 374 |
an act or
omission undertaken with deliberate intent to cause | 375 |
injury to the
corporation or undertaken with reckless disregard | 376 |
for the best
interests of the corporation. Nothing contained in | 377 |
this division
affects the liability of directors under section | 378 |
1701.95 of the
Revised Code or limits relief available under | 379 |
section 1701.60 of
the Revised Code. This division does not apply | 380 |
if, and only to
the extent that, at the time of a director's act | 381 |
or omission that
is the subject of complaint, the articles or the | 382 |
regulations of
the corporation state by specific reference to this | 383 |
division that
the provisions of this division do not apply to the | 384 |
corporation. | 385 |
(F)
In determining the best interests of a corporation or the | 405 |
effects of any action, a director shall not be required to regard | 406 |
any corporate interest or the interests of any particular group | 407 |
affected by that action as a dominant or controlling interest or | 408 |
factor. The consideration of interests and factors in the manner | 409 |
described in this division and division (E) of this section does | 410 |
not constitute a violation of the duties of a director under | 411 |
division (B) of this section. | 412 |
(2) A director of a corporation that does not have issued | 428 |
and outstanding shares that are listed on a national securities | 429 |
exchange or are regularly quoted in an over-the-counter market by | 430 |
one or more members of a national or affiliated securities | 431 |
association, who votes for or assents to any action taken by the | 432 |
directors of the corporation that, in connection with a change in | 433 |
control of the corporation, directly results in the holder or | 434 |
holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of the
corporation | 435 |
receiving a greater consideration for their shares
than other | 436 |
shareholders. | 437 |
Sec. 1701.70. (A) If initial directors are not named in the | 442 |
articles,
before
subscriptions to shares have
been received
and | 443 |
before the incorporators have elected directors, the incorporators | 444 |
may adopt an amendment to the articles by a writing
signed by | 445 |
them. If initial directors are named in the articles, or if the | 446 |
incorporators have elected directors and have not received | 447 |
subscriptions, then
before subscriptions to shares have been | 448 |
received, the directors may adopt an
amendment to the articles. | 449 |
(1) When and to the extent authorized by the articles, the | 452 |
directors may adopt an amendment determining, in whole or in part, | 453 |
the
express terms, within the limits set forth in this chapter, of | 454 |
any class of
shares before the issuance of any shares of that | 455 |
class, or of one or more
series within a class before the issuance | 456 |
of shares of that series. | 457 |
(2) When the corporation has issued shares or
obligations | 458 |
convertible into shares of the corporation or has
granted
options | 459 |
issued option rights or securities having conversion or option | 460 |
rights with respect to
the purchase
or acquisition of any shares, | 461 |
and
the conversion
or option rights are
set forth in the articles | 462 |
or have been
approved by the same vote
of shareholders as, at the | 463 |
time of
the
approval, would have been
required to amend the | 464 |
articles to
authorize the shares required
for that purpose, and | 465 |
the
corporation does not have sufficient
authorized but unissued | 466 |
shares to satisfy those conversion or
option rights, the
directors | 467 |
may adopt an amendment to authorize
the
shares. | 468 |
(3) Whenever shares of any class have been redeemed, or
have | 469 |
been surrendered to or acquired by the corporation upon | 470 |
conversion, exchange, purchase, or otherwise, the directors may | 471 |
adopt an amendment to reduce the authorized number of shares of | 472 |
the class by the number so redeemed, surrendered, or
acquired;
and | 473 |
when all of the authorized shares of a class have been
redeemed or | 474 |
surrendered to or acquired by the corporation, the
directors may | 475 |
adopt an amendment to eliminate from the articles
all references | 476 |
to the shares of the class and to make
other
appropriate changes | 477 |
that are required by
the elimination. | 478 |
(4) When articles have been amended and any change of
issued | 479 |
or unissued shares provided for in the amendment or
amended | 480 |
articles has become effective, the directors
may
adopt an | 481 |
amendment to eliminate from the articles all references
to the | 482 |
change of shares and to make any other appropriate
changes that | 483 |
are required by the
elimination; however,
an amendment to
the | 484 |
articles
that is so adopted by the
directors shall
contain a | 485 |
statement with
respect to the authorized number and the par
value, | 486 |
if any, of the
shares of each class. | 487 |
(C) If a vote on the adoption of an
amendment is required by | 502 |
division (B)(4) of section 1701.71 of
the Revised Code, any | 503 |
amendment to the
articles adopted pursuant to division (B) of this | 504 |
section that
creates a class or series of shares the express terms | 505 |
of which
provide for the convertibility of the shares into shares | 506 |
of
another class shall also require the approval of the holders, | 507 |
voting as a class, of any issued and outstanding shares into which | 508 |
the shares
may be converted. | 509 |
Sec. 1701.75. (A) A corporation, a plan of reorganization | 510 |
of which shall
have been confirmed by the decree or order of a | 511 |
court of competent
jurisdiction pursuant to the provisions of any | 512 |
applicable statute of the
United States relating to reorganization | 513 |
of corporations, may put into effect
and carry out the plan and | 514 |
the decrees and orders of the court relative
theretoto the plan, | 515 |
and may take
any proceeding and do any act provided in the plan or | 516 |
directed by
such decrees and orders, without further action by its | 517 |
directors
or shareholders.
SuchThat authority may be exercised, | 518 |
and
suchthose proceedings and
acts may be taken or done, as | 519 |
directed by such
decrees or orders, by the
trustee or trustees of | 520 |
suchthe corporation
appointed in the reorganization
proceedings | 521 |
(or a majority
thereof), or if none shall have been appointed, by | 522 |
designated
officers of the corporation, or by a master or other | 523 |
representative
appointed by the court, with like effect as if | 524 |
exercised and taken by
unanimous action of the directors and | 525 |
shareholders of the corporation. | 526 |
(B) A corporation, in the manner provided in division (A) of | 527 |
this section,
but without limiting the generality thereof, may: | 528 |
amend its articles in any
respect; amend or repeal its regulations | 529 |
or adopt new regulations; name,
constitute, reconstitute, | 530 |
classify, or reclassify its directors and appoint
directors and | 531 |
officers in place of or in addition to some or all of the | 532 |
directors or officers then in office; make any lawful change in | 533 |
its stated
capital; make a determination of the fair value to the | 534 |
corporation of its
assets; transfer all or a part of its assets; | 535 |
merge; consolidate; remove or
appoint a statutory agent; authorize | 536 |
the
grantingissuance of option rights
or securities having | 537 |
conversion or option rights in respect
of shares and other | 538 |
securities; authorize the issuing of notes, bonds, and
other | 539 |
evidences of indebtedness, whether or not convertible into shares | 540 |
or
other securities; lease its property to any corporation; | 541 |
dissolve; or effect
any other change authorized by this chapter. | 542 |
(C) If a plan of reorganization provides for or effects an | 543 |
amendment to the
articles or the merger, consolidation, or | 544 |
dissolution of a corporation, or if
a plan having such a result is | 545 |
modified in respect of
suchthat amendment, merger,
consolidation, | 546 |
or
dissolution, a certificate of reorganization or an amended | 547 |
certificate of
reorganization, as the case may be, setting forth | 548 |
such portions of the plan
of reorganization or modification | 549 |
thereofof the plan as would otherwise be required to be
set forth | 550 |
in a
certificate of amendment, an agreement of merger or | 551 |
consolidation,
or a certificate of dissolution (and, if desired, | 552 |
any other
portions thereof) shall be filed in the office of the | 553 |
secretary of
state and
shall operate to effect
suchthat | 554 |
amendment, merger,
consolidation, or dissolution.
SuchThe | 555 |
certificate shall be made,
subscribed, and filed as may be | 556 |
directed by
such decrees or
orders
of the court, or, in the | 557 |
absence of such direction, by the
president or
a vice-president | 558 |
and the secretary or an assistant secretary.
The
certificate | 559 |
shall contain a statement that the plan of
reorganization has
been | 560 |
confirmed by the decree or order of the
court designated in the | 561 |
certificate or that the plan so confirmed
has been modified by | 562 |
order of such
court, as the case may be. | 563 |